The following Conditions are related to P

Select a specific condition below to view its details.

  • Achalasia

    Achalasia is a rare disease of the muscle of the esophagus (swallowing tube). The term achalasia means "failure to relax" and refers to the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle situated between the lower esophagus and the stomach) to open and let food pass into the stomach. As a result, patients with achalasia have difficulty in swallowing food. How does the normal esophagus function? The esophagus has  Read More

  • Acidemia, isovaleric

    Isovaleric acidemia is a hereditary metabolic disorder caused by changes in genetic mutation.The encoding of the gene enzyme "isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase" in the body results in this disease.Moreover, it results in the indigestion of protein components such as leucine and amino acid found in the food item.The buildup of undigested food can leads to serious illnesses generally known as m  Read More

  • Alkaptonuria

    Alkaptonuria, a rare genetic metabolic disorder, caused by the homogentisic acid accumulating in the body. An individual affected by Alkaptonuria lacks the ability to break down the homogentisic acid by the enzymes. In addition, individuals can have black or dark urine.Yes, there is a process by which Alkaptonuria can be diagnosed and treated with medications.The individual will need to go through a detail  Read More

  • Anorexia nervosa

    Anorexia nervousa is an eating disorder for people with trifling body weight. They have an intense fear of gaining weight, so they started taking on a crash diet, limiting calorie intake, or not eating. Moreover, if they consume high calories, they take it out through vomiting after eating or by misusing laxatives, diet aids, diuretics, or enemas. However, it is curable through the following methods:Hospitalization  Read More

  • Apple peel syndrome

    Apple peel syndrome is also known as apple peel intestinal atresia.It is a unique form of small bowel atresia, in which the small intestine opens up in a blind pouch, and the distal small bowel wraps around its blood supply in a spiral resembling an apple peel.It is a birth defect caused by a mutation change. Apple peel syndrome is commonly found in newborns.Moreover, it reflects the following sym  Read More

  • Argininemia

    Argininemia results from genetic mutation of gene ARG1 that leads to cause a harmful amount of arginine( body build protein) and ammonia to build up in the body. This disease leads to an imbalanced proliferation of ammonia in the body, which results in serious health issues like coma, kidney and liver failure, UTI, and even death.This disease is more often visible in newborns, and they can reflect symptoms like:  Read More

  • Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency

    Argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) catalyzes the lysis of arginine succinate into fumarate and arginine. This reaction replenishes arginine that initiates the urea cycle. ASL deficiency thus reduces the concentration of arginine and slows down the fixation of nitrogen into urea.Symptoms of Argininosuccinate lyase DeficiencyNeonatal onset form is characterized by hyperammonemia within a few days after the bir  Read More

  • Argininosuccinic aciduria

    Argininosuccinic aciduria (ASA) is a rare inherited disorder that causes elevated blood ammonia levels.If ammonia buildup in the blood is not detected and treated promptly, it can cause brain damage and even death.It is caused by changes (mutations) in the ASL gene that result in a deficiency.ASL (argininosuccinate lyase) is an enzyme that breaks down and eliminates nitrogen from the body.  Read More

  • Arsenic poisoning

    What is arsenic? Arsenic is a grey-appearing chemical element (atomic number 33, symbol As in the periodic table) also termed a metalloid. Arsenic can exist in a metallic state in three forms (yellow, black, and gray; with gray predominating) and in ionic forms. Arsenic is considered to be a heavy metal, and arsenic toxicity shares some features with poisonings by other heavy metals. Historically, arsenic has been used as a medicinal a  Read More

  • Ascites

    Ascites is the pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal space, especially the abdomen. In a healthy human body, the peritoneal space contains a minute quantity of fluid. Ascites occur due to several disorders, including cirrhosis, chronic alcohol use, IV drug use, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, severe malnutrition, pancreatic ascites, and ovarian lesions.Treatment de  Read More

  • Bilious attacks

    A bilious attack, also known as a gallbladder attack, is one of the most severe gastrointestinal problems.These attacks occur when bile and minerals in the body form small stone-like structures or gallstones.Consequently, these stones pass through the bile ducts by the gallbladder, which causes mild to severe pain in the process.The person suffering from this attack may feel a sharp pain in the up  Read More

  • Bladder infection (cystitis)

    Bladder infection is an infection of the bladder. Bladder infection is also called cystitis and is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI). The urinary tract is naturally sterile and when microbes invade it, an infection may result. The bladder is a part of the urinary tract system. It serves as storage for urine before it is excreted from the body. Urine is produced by the kidney and it travels through ureters (one from the right kidn  Read More

  • Brandt syndrome

    Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a disorder of zinc metabolism that occurs in one of two forms: an inborn (congenital) form and an acquired form. The inborn form of AE is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intestinal abnormalities that lead to the inability to absorb zinc from the intestine. The lack of zinc presents, characteristically, as: (1) skin inflammation with pimples (pustular dermatitis) occurring around the mouth and/or an  Read More

  • Buerger-gruetz syndrome

    A person with Buerger-Greutz syndrome has a faulty lipoprotein lipase gene, which results in extremely high triglycerides. This in turn induces stomach pain and fat deposits beneath the skin, which can create issues with the pancreas and liver, and result in diabetes. Only when a child inherits the flawed gene from both parents does the condition manifest (it is autosomal recessive). Limiting daily fat intake to under 20 g can  Read More

  • Bulimia nervosa

    Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder in which the affected person experiences episodes of binge eating and purging food and calories.This disorder is a public health problem due to its serious side effects on physical and mental health.This condition mostly affects people who are suffering from body dysmorphia, depression, anxiety and substance abuse disorders.There is no specific cause for bulim  Read More

  • Campylobacteriosis

    Campylobacteriosis is an infection caused by bacteria you can get from contaminated food and water. It causes diarrhea. You might also hear it called campylobacter, campylobacter infection, or campylobacteriosis gastroenteritis.  Read More

  • Carboxylase deficiency, multiple

    Multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD) is a crucial metabolic disorder that occurs when there is a lack of coenzyme activity of biotin.The usual genetic causes of multiple carboxylase deficiency involve biotinidase deficiency and holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) deficiency.A deficiency is evident in the biotin-dependent enzymes (methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, and propionyl-CoA carboxy  Read More

  • Celiac disease

    Celiac disease, also known as celiac sprue, non-tropical sprue, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a digestive and auto-immune disease that damages the small intestine.The condition is generally triggered by the protein known as gluten. Gluten is found in wheat, and barley triggers the immune response in patients and makes them intolerant to other gluten-containing products.The intestines have vill, a thi  Read More

  • Colitis

    Ulcerative colitis is often treated with either medication therapy or surgery. Certain medication classifications may be effective in curing ulcerative colitis. The type you choose will be determined by the severity of your disease.Drugs that work well for one person may not work well for another, so it may take some time to discover a medication that works for you. Furthermore, because some medications have major side e  Read More

  • Colitis gravis

    Ulcers, diarrhea, cramping, persistent inflammation, and severe abdominal discomfort are all symptoms of colitis gravis, a chronic inflammatory illness of the intestine.Infection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), inadequate blood supply to the colon, and invasion of the colon wall by lymphocytic white blood cells are some of the potential reasons for an inflamed colon.An area of the colon, or the entire c  Read More

  • Colitis, collagenous

    Collagenous colitis is one type of microscopic colitis. These particular white blood cells can enter the inner wall of the colon as a result of inflammation. This particular type of colitis is uncommon and may be caused by an autoimmune disorder.Cure or medication for Collagenous colitisCollagenous colitis might heal on its own. However, you might require treatment to get better if your symptoms are sev  Read More

  • Cps deficiency

    Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 CPS deficiency is a genetic disease that is passed down hereditarily, and hence there is always a risk that if your ancestors had it, you or your children could have it.When a gene is autosomal, it can be found on any chromosome other than the X or Y chromosomes (sex chromosomes).Like chromosomes, genes frequently exist in pairs.Recessive means that for a person to  Read More

  • Crohn's disease

    Crohn's disease facts Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines. The cause of Crohn's disease is unknown. Crohn's disease can cause ulcers in the small intestine, colon, or both. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and weight loss are symptoms of Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease of the small intestine may cause obstruction of the intestine. Crohn'  Read More

  • Cronkhite-canada syndrome

    The exceedingly rare disease Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is characterized by a variety of intestinal polyps, taste loss, hair loss, and issues with nail growth. Because the polyps are accompanied by malabsorption, it is challenging to treat. CCS is more common in older people (average age 59) and mostly affects males. It is seen as an acquired disease rather than a hereditary one.The cause for this is still not  Read More

  • Cryptophthalmos-syndactyly syndrome

    An uncommon genetic condition known as cryptophthalmos syndactyl syndrome is characterized by a number of birth defects.A narrow, blocked, and malformed voice box and lower respiratory tract (nostrils, larynx, and lungs); limb anomalies; kidney (renal) abnormalities; external genital malformations; eyes that are completely covered by skin and usually malformed (cryptophthalmos) causing blindness; a fusion of the sk  Read More

  • Cryptosporidiosis

    Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites, Cryptosporidium, that can live in the intestine of humans and animals and is passed in the stool of an infected person or animal. Both the disease and the parasite are commonly known as "Crypto." The parasite is protected by an outer shell that allows it to survive outside the body for long periods of time and makes it very resistant to chlorine-based disinfectants. Duri  Read More

  • Cyclic vomiting syndrome (cvs)

    Cyclic vomiting syndrome is characterized by episodes of severe vomiting that have no apparent cause. Episodes can last for hours or days and alternate with symptom-free periods. Episodes are similar, meaning that they tend to start at the same time of day, last the same length o  Read More

  • Cyclospora infection

    Severely explosive water-like motions due to a one-cell microscopic parasite are Cyclospora Infection. Cyclospora is a name of a parasite responsible for this disease. The motions are hard to control and result in enormous water loss in a patient’s body.Diagnosis:It can only be diagnosed through laboratory testing of the patient’s stool and looking for the presence of this one-cell parasite  Read More

  • Cysticercosis (pork tapeworm infection)

    Taenia Solium or cysticercosis (pork tapeworm infection) is an intestinal infection with adult tapeworms that follows ingestion of contaminated pork. The condition Cysticercosis is a parasitic tissue infection caused by larval cysts of the tapeworm Taenia soliumDiagnosis:Stools are examined under microscope for ova and proglottids.CT and/or MRI and serologic testing for patients with central ne  Read More

  • Davidson's disease

    Davidson’s disease or Microvillus inclusion disease is an extremely rare and life-threatening intestinal disorder, that usually shows up within a few hours or days after birth.Generally, each cell in the small intestine is surrounded by tiny finger-like structures, villi, and microvilli. It will increase the surface area of the cell, thereby increasing the rate of absorption.These cells in the affect  Read More

  • Dehydration

    Dehydration can occur due to many reasons. The prime reason is sweating. It can also be triggered by diarrhea or vomiting, which can quickly eliminate fluids from your body. All of these can trigger water and electrolyte loss in the body.The most important way to treat dehydration is to replace the electrolytes and fluids the body has lost. Restoring the electrolyte balance will prevent an individual from dehydrati  Read More

  • Diverticulitis

    Diverticulosis and diverticulitis facts Most patients with diverticulosis (diverticular disease) have few or no symptoms. Abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea, can occur with diverticulosis, which then may be called diverticular disease. Diverticulosis can be diagnosed with barium X-rays, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, or CT scan. Treatment of diverticulosis can include high fiber diet, and anti-  Read More

  • Dubin johnson syndrome

    Dubin-Jhonson syndrome is a rare genetic liver disorder that is inherited by the autosomal recessive pattern ( inherit one mutated gene from each parent ). It is characterized by the breakdown of red blood cells into the yellowish pigment in the blood that results in bilirubin buildup. Moreover, this buildup is released into the bile, a digestive juice secreted by the liver. Moreover, this pigment gives stool a deep yellowish  Read More

  • Duodenal atresia or stenosis

    Duodenal atresia or stenosis is a rare inherited autosomal recessive genetic trait( inherit one mutated gene from each parent) in newborns. It is a condition that results in improper development of the first part of the small intestine. The partial development results in the blockages of the path, and food can't process down. However, it is associated with the following risk factors.Down syndrome: It is the mos  Read More

  • Duodenal ulcer

    Duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that result in a sore on the inside lining and upper portion of the duodenum (first part of the small intestine. This user may result in stomach pain, bloating, intolerance to fatty food, and nauseous. However, it is curable through medication and care. Still, before medication, the doctor may diagnose you with endoscopy, X-rays, and lab tests to check the cause and seriousness of the m  Read More

  • Eating disorders

    Eating disorder is not limited to only one factor of eating. There are various eating disorders, including eating excessively and not eating at all. For instance, anorexia is a disorder that leads an individual to strive for the perspective of not gaining weight even if he or she is underweight.However, Binge eating disorder (BED) is related to loss of control over eating and feeling guilty and distressed afterward  Read More

  • Esophageal aperistalsis

    Achalasia symptoms generally appear gradually and worsen over time. Signs and symptoms may include: Inability to swallow (dysphagia), which may feel like food or drink is stuck in your throat Regurgitating food or saliva Heartburn Belching Chest pain that comes and goes Coughing at night Pneumonia (from aspiration of food into the lungs) Weight loss  Read More

  • Familial alpha-lipoprotein deficiency

    Familial alpha-lipoprotein deficiency, also known as familial hypo alpha-lipoproteinemia, is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders.Lipids are one of the essential biomolecules that play active roles in various physiological activities and are made of cholesterol and protein. The protein is called a lipoprotein.In patients with alpha-lipoprotein deficiency, the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein  Read More

  • Familial jaundice

    Jaundice is the abnormal accumulation of bilirubin in the body tissues, resulting in yellow discoloration. Familial jaundice is a type of jaundice caused by mutations in the gene UGT-1A that encodes the enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase.TreatmentLiver transplantation: It is the only therapeutic and definitive therapy. The transplanted liver has no abnormality of conjugation and thus red  Read More

  • Folate deficiency anemia

    Symptoms may include: Fatigue Weakness Headache Pallor Sore mouth and tongue  Read More

  • Fucosidase deficiency

    Fucosidosis/fucosidase deficiency is brought about by transformations in genes known as FUCA1, which gives directions to the development of a protein called alpha-L-fucosidase.Alpha-L-fucosidase for the most part, works in a cell's lysosomes and is liable for the breakdown and reusing of explicit complex sugars connected to protein and fat particles.The genes which came hereditary in FUCA1 quality impe  Read More

  • Galactosemia

    Galactosemia is a disorder that affects the bodily processing of simple sugar called galactose. The signs and symptoms of galactosemia result from an inability to use galactose to produce energy.There are several types of galactosemia, and these conditions are each caused by mutations in a particular gene and affect different enzymes involved in breaking down galactose.The primary risk factor for galactose  Read More

  • Galt deficiency

    GALT deficiency/Galactosemia is a rare genetic disorder that affects how your body processes or metabolizes a sugar called galactose.Signs and symptoms include:An infant affected with galactosemia, appears normal at birth; however, within a few days or weeks, the infant may lose its appetite and start vomiting excessively.Yellowing of the skin, and mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes (jaun  Read More

  • Gastric banding

    Gastric banding is a laparoscopic surgery which is recommended in weight loss. It is recommended hyper obese patients. The surgeon places a band around the upper part of your stomach to create a small pouch to hold food. The band limits the amount of food you can eat by making you feel full after eating small amounts of food. , guidelines recommended gastric band placement only if a person’s body mass index35 or above. Some people with a BMI o  Read More

  • Gastric ulcer

    Gastric ulcer, also known as peptic ulcer, is a condition that develops in the stomach. It usually occurs with a sore lining in the esophagus. The primary cause of gastric ulcers is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It restricts the stomach’s ability to produce acid that helps in digesting the food consumed.Medications recommended for gastric ulcers:  Read More

  • Gastritis

    Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach. Unfortunately, the term "gastritis" has been misused to include many different upper abdominal problems, but true gastritis refers to the stomach lining (gastric mucosa) that is inflamed. All or part of the gastric mucosa may be involved. Gastritis may be classified as acute or chronic. Acute gastritis may be characterized as erosive (damaged areas where mucosal cells are disrupted or mis  Read More

  • Gastroenteritis (stomach flu)

    The stomach, small intestine and large intestine (colon) are part of your digestive tract, which processes the foods you eat. Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation of these organs caused by a virus. Although it's commonly called stomach flu, gastroenteritis isn't the same as influenza. The flu (influenza) affects only your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Gastroenteritis, on the other hand, attacks your intest  Read More

  • Gastroenteritis, eosinophilic

    Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a rare form of an inflammatory disorder. It occurs due to the infiltration in the walls of the intestine that affect the small intestine and the stomach. Under EGE, any part between the esophagus and the rectum of the gastrointestinal tract may get affected. This EGE can further be classified into muscular, mucosal, and serosal.According to several types of research performed, not ma  Read More

  • Gastroesophageal laceration-hemorrhage

    An esophageal laceration is also referred to as the Mallory-Weiss syndrome/gastroesophageal laceration-hemorrhage. It highlights a laceration or tear of the mucous membrane. This commonly occurs at the point where the stomach and esophagus meet, also known as the gastroesophageal junction. This tear is likely to trigger extensive bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract.TreatmentIn most cases, it is evi  Read More

  • Gastrointestinal stromal tumors

    The digestive system of the body includes the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In order for the body to utilize the nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbs, fats, proteins, and water) from food, it aids in digestion. A condition known as gastrointestinal stromal tumor causes abnormal cells to grow in the tissues of the gastrointestinal or digestive tract.Cure/medications:Patients with gastrointestinal stromal  Read More

  • Glioma-polyposis syndrome

    Glioma-polyposis deficiency syndrome is a rare genetic condition that is characterized by the cohabitation of malignancies of the central nervous system and benign growths (adenomatous polyps) in the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract.Depending on where it is and how quickly it is growing, a glioma can limit your brain's function and pose a threat to your life. The cause of glioma is still, like that  Read More

  • Glucocerebrosidase deficiency

    A deficiency of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme causes the inherited (genetic) disorder known as Gaucher disease. Due to a lack of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, Gaucher disease, also known as glucocerebrosidase deficiency, is a genetic disorder that causes aberrant accumulations of the fatty compounds known as glycolipids in various human tissues.There are numerous terms that can be used to describe Gaucher disease.  Read More

  • Glucose galactose malabsorption

    A deficiency in the transport of glucose and galactose across the intestinal lining results in the rare metabolic condition known as glucose galactose malabsorption (GGM). If lactose (milk sugar), sucrose (table sugar), glucose, and galactose are not eliminated from the diet, GGM is characterised by severe diarrhea and dehydration. If these sugars are not eliminated, GGM can quickly lead to death. However, up to 10% of people could have a litt  Read More

  • Glutaricacidemia i

    Glutaric acidemia I is a rare and severe inherited condition that makes the body unable to digest certain types of protein ( amino acids). This results in organic acid disorder that results in an abnormal buildup of organic acid in blood and urine. Moreover, the tissues of the body can also be intoxicated and serve health problems like brain damage, kidney, and liver failure.People with Glutaric acidemia I lack par  Read More

  • Glutaricacidemia ii

    Glutaric acidemia II is an inherited disorder that disturbs the body’s ability to break down fats and protein to produce energy. Moreover, these incomplete breakdowns of protein and fats make the tissues and blood too acidic. It appears in the early stages of childhood and results in weakness and low blood sugar levels. In severe cases, individuals affected with glutaric acidemia type II may also be born with physical abnormalities, including b  Read More

  • Glycinemia nonketotic

    Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH)/glycinemia nonketotic is a rare, genetic metabolic disorder. The disorder is caused by a defect in the enzyme system which helps break down the amino acid glycine. This results in the accumulation of large quantities of glycine in all body tissues, including the brain. There is a classical form of NKH and a variant form of NKH. The classical form is then further divided into severe disorder or  Read More

  • Glycogen storage disease i

    Glycogen storage diseases are a group of disorders in which stored glycogen cannot be metabolized into glucose to supply energy and to maintain steady blood glucose levels for the body.Glycogen storage disease I (GSDI) is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic disorder.The disorder is characterized by the accumulation of excess glycogen and fat in the liver and kidneys, resulting in an enlarged liver  Read More

  • Glycogen storage disease iii

    Glycogen storage disease type 3 is also known as Forbes-Cori disease. The disease is caused by mutations to the AGL gene that instruct the synthesis of glycogen debranching enzyme. Debranching is one of the initial steps of glycogenolysis that is intended to release glucose from stored glycogen during fasting. Due to the enzyme deficiency, glycogen continues to deposit in the liver, cardiac and skeletal muscles. The affected i  Read More

  • Glycogen storage disease vi

    The deficiency of glycogen breakdown enzyme leads to Glycogen Storage Disease VI. When the glycogen levels are not broken and used in an infant’s body, they accumulate in the liver. This accumulation results in enlarged liver and its improper functioning.Glycogen is the complex sugar in our body stored for energy requirements. The excess and unused glycogen create GSD VI. It detects during infancy or the earl  Read More

  • Glycogen storage disease vii

    Glycogen storage disease vii is a hereditary disorder. Most cases are found in children. It is caused due to transfer of genes from the parents. The cause of GSD is the lack of an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of glycogen.Breakdown of glycogen into glucose is necessary for providing energy to the body. The Phosphofructokinase enzyme is responsible for the breaking down of glycogen into glucose. The lack of glucose  Read More

  • Glycogenosis type vii

    Glycogenosis type vii is a disease caused due to lack of capacity to produce glucose. Due to this, the body craves for energy. There are various symptoms caused due to glycogenosis which are tiredness, nausea and vomiting. The skin gets yellowish as in jaundice and the color of urine becomes reddish-brown, also known as myoglobinuria.The symptoms of glycogenosis also include anemia. Due to anemia, there is a decrea  Read More

  • Glycosylasparaginase deficiency

    Glycosylasparaginase deficiency/Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) is an inherited disease that causes mental functioning, accompanied by an increase in skin, bone, and joint issues.The condition doesn't show any symptom at birth. However, the signs and symptoms may become apparent between two and four years of age and become progressively worse as the individual ages.Certain risk factors for developing t  Read More

  • Hal deficiency

    HAL deficiency i.e histidine ammonia-lyase (HAL) deficiency or histidase deficiency, hyperhistidinemia or Histidinemia is a rare, autosomal recessive hereditary metabolic disorder.It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme histidase, which is necessary for metabolizing the amino acid histidine. As a result, elevated levels of histidine are present in the blood.Along with histidine, there are excessive amou  Read More

  • Hartnup disease

    Hartnup disease is also referred to as Hartnup disorder, an uncommon genetic condition involving an inborn mistake in amino acid metabolism. It makes it challenging for your kidneys to reabsorb specific amino acids from your intestine. Amino acids are necessary for proper growth and development since they are the chemical building blocks of proteins. Many amino acids are lost through the urine tract when someone has hartnup di  Read More

  • Hartnup disorder

    The signs and symptoms of Hartnup Disorder differ significantly from person to person.The majority of those affected lack any noticeable symptoms (asymptomatic).When symptoms appear, they often do so between the ages of 3 and 9. Rarely, do symptoms not start to show themselves till adulthood.On the face, arms, extremities, and other exposed parts of the skin, red, scaly, light-sensitive (photosens  Read More

  • Hiatal hernia

    The esophagus connects the mouth and throat to the stomach. It passes through the chest cavity and enters the abdominal cavity through a hole in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus. The term hiatal hernia describes a condition where a part of the stomach that normally is located in the abdominal cavity pushes or protrudes through the esophageal hiatus to rest within the chest cavity.  Read More

  • Hiccough, chronic

    An uncontrollable spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm, a muscle at the base of the lungs, is followed by a quick closure of the vocal cords. Hiccups typically last a few hours or, rarely, a day or two.Chronic hiccups, on the other hand, last for a protracted period of time. Persistent hiccups are frequently used to describe episodes that linger for more than two days but less than a month.Hiccups can oc  Read More

  • Hill diarrhea

    Hill diarrhea affects tourists and other people who drink or eat contaminated food.It is a short but uncomfortable gastrointestinal infection that frequently results in loose stools and cramping in the abdomen.The majority of the time, bacteria are to blame, however, parasites or viruses can also be to blame.When visiting nations with less stringent sanitary regulations than their own, internation  Read More

  • Histidinemia

    Histidinemia is a genetic disease caused by an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder. It is characterized by deficient production of the enzyme that breaks down histidine. It is usually a benign condition and asymptomatic in most cases.Usually, a genetic disorder will not tend to have any causative factor other than its inheritance.There are some risk factors associated with this case. Consanguineal marri  Read More

  • Hutchinson-weber-peutz syndrome

    Hutchinson weber putz syndrome is caused by the autosomal dominant disorder which results in the numerous noncancerous benign polyps in the digestive system. These non-cancerous growths are called hamartomatous polyps. There is an increased risk of cancer associated with this disease.This condition is commonly seen in children.They tend to develop small dark-coloured spots on the mouth orifice and lips.  Read More

  • Hyper-beta carnosinemia

    Hyper beta-carnosinemia is a rare inborn error in the metabolism of a dipeptide called carnosine that results in the accumulation of carnosine in muscle and brain tissues.Carnosine is formed of the amino acids alanine and histidine.The disease is confirmed with an amino-acid analysis of the blood.The affected individuals develop the symptoms of the disease within a year from birth.The def  Read More

  • Ibs (irritable bowel syndrome) triggers and prevention

    IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) triggers and prevention is a condition that is chronic, and the large intestines are affected by it. Symptoms may vary from person to person and are as follows.Cramping - In IBS, severe abdominal pain occurs, and such cramping happens in the lower abdomen. Cramping in the abdomen helps to know if one is suffering from IBS.Bowel movement - In IBS, the timing of the stool remai  Read More

  • Ichthyotic neutral lipid storage disease

    Ichthyotic Neutral Lipid Storage Disease (NLSDI) is a rare autosomal genetic disorder caused by excessive accumulation of lipid in body tissues. The human body stores surplus energy, in the form of triacylglycerols, primarily in adipose tissues; However, every tissue stores lipid droplets.The enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) releases triglycerides from the lipid droplets, for energy. However, ATGL is stimulated  Read More

  • Indigestion (dyspepsia, upset stomach)

    Dyspepsia (indigestion) facts Dyspepsia is a functional disease in which the gastrointestinal organs, primarily the stomach and first part of the small intestine, function abnormally. It is a chronic disease in which the symptoms fluctuate in frequency and intensity. Theories of the cause of dyspepsia include abnormal input from intestinal sensory nerves, abnormal processing of input from the sensory nerves, and abnorm  Read More

  • Interstitial cystitis (ic)/painful bladder syndrome (pbs)

    Interstitial cystitis facts PBS/IC is an inflammatory disease of the bladder that can cause ulceration and bleeding of the bladder's lining and can lead to scarring and stiffening of the bladder. The symptoms of PBS/IC are pelvic pain, frequent urination, urinary urgency. PBS/IC has a variable clinical course, meaning that symptoms can appear and disappear over time.  Read More

  • Intussusception

    Intussusception facts Intussusception is the infolding (telescoping) of one segment of the intestine within another. Intussusception usually results in a blockage of the intestine. Intussusception occurs primarily in infants (boys more often than girls) but can also occur in adults and older children. The primary symptoms of intussusception include abdominal pain and vomiting. Early diagno  Read More

  • Irritable bowel syndrome (ibs)

    What is the definition of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)? Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by the presence of a cluster of symptoms and signs in adult or children that include cramping, abdominal pain, increased gas, altered bowel habits, food intolerance, and bloating (distention). Irritable bowel syndrome is a "functional" disorder. This term refers to the changes in the functioning  Read More

  • Irritable bowel syndrome in children

    What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)? Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, meaning it is a problem caused by changes in how the GI tract works. Children with a functional GI disorder have frequent symptoms, but the GI tract does not become damaged. IBS is not a disease; it is a group of symptoms that occur together. The most common symptoms of IBS are abdominal pain or discomfort, often reported as  Read More

  • Jegher's syndrome

    Jegher's syndrome is caused by the autosomal dominant disorder which results in the numerous noncancerous benign polyps in the digestive system. These noncancerous growths are called hamartomatous polyps. There is an increased risk of cancer associated with this disease.Risk factorsThis condition is commonly seen in children.They tend to develop small dark-colored spots on the mouth orifice  Read More

  • Lactose intolerance

    Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest and absorb lactose (the sugar in milk) that results in gastrointestinal symptoms when milk or food products containing milk are consumed.          Read More

  • Lactose intolerance (lactase deficiency)

    Lactose intolerance (lactase deficiency) is the lack of digestive enzymes required for digesting the lactose sugar found in milk and dairy products. The problem occurs as a genetic predisposition, though the condition is harmless. This can cause severe bloating, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea, etc., on the consumption of dairy products.The best method to treat this condition is avoidance of dairy products and shif  Read More

  • Lcad deficiency

    Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is a condition that restricts the body from converting specific fats to energy, especially during periods of fasting.The symptoms of LCAD deficiency appear during infancy or early childhood.It involves hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), lethargy (lack of energy) and muscle weakness.The individuals who are affected by this disorder are also hig  Read More

  • Lipid storage disease

    Lipid storage disease is a condition in which an enzyme in catabolism or transport of lipid is expressed in a lower quantity, or the expressed enzyme is non-functional. It leads to the accumulation of lipids in abnormally high quantities.SymptomsLipid storage diseases are genetic disorders, and hence, the defects are present from birth. The age at which affected individuals develop symptoms and progress  Read More

  • Lpl deficiency

    The full form of LPL deficiency is Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency. People with this disease face problems in their pancreas and liver. Once you suffer from LPL, the fat stored under the skin causes stomach pain. It may also lead to diabetes when your pancreas and liver get affected. It is a genetic disorder, and the child carrying defective genes from their parents is at a high risk of getting this disease. LPL deficiency is a  Read More

  • Lysosomal alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidas...

    Bacteria and animals cause lysosomal alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidas. It is a glycoside hydrolase which is also known as nagalase. NAGA is an enzyme that is coded as a human gene that mutates. The mutations in the gene and the deficiency in alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase are caused due to Schindler disease. The activity of this enzyme converts type A blood to blood type O. Therefore, its name is A-zyme. Bacterial enzymes and A-zyme carry out r  Read More

  • Macular degeneration

    Macular degeneration, also known as Age-related macular degeneration is a common eye disorder caused by the deterioration of the macula, a region in the center of the retina, present in the back of the eye.Macular Degeneration is not a curable condition. Early diagnosis and proper treatment will slow the progression of the condition and aid in the management of the symptoms. Based on the severity of the disease and healt  Read More

  • Mallory weiss syndrome

    Cuts and splits on the lining and inner layers of the esophagus due to many forceful reasons like vomiting or straining, Mallory Weiss Tears. The burning and irritation due to these tears are called Mallory Weiss Syndrome.It is generally felt at an early stage when the cuts are not so deep. But the continuous flow of solid food and the use of vocal cords can raise the issue further.Risk factors:It  Read More

  • Mallory-weiss laceration

    A tear or split in the mucous membrane or inner lining, where the esophagus (lower esophageal tissue) joins the stomach, characterizes Mallory-Weiss Laceration. This condition can occur as a result of severe vomiting.Symptoms of Mallory Weiss LacerationMWS is not usually accompanied by symptoms. This occurs more frequently in milder cases where esophageal tears result in minimal bleeding and heal quickl  Read More

  • Methylmalonic acidemia

    Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a genetic disorder that makes the body unable to digest certain proteins and fats. The undigested substance releases methylmalonic acid into the bloodstream. These toxin chemicals in the blood can result in some consequential illnesses in the patients. However, this genetic metabolism disorder transfers from parent to infant.Here are some risk factors associated with this inborn error of m  Read More

  • Microscopic colitis collagenous type

    Collagenous colitis typically responds well to therapy. Sometimes the symptoms may even go away on their own without treatment. Doctors will initially advise a patient to cease using any medications that have been linked to collagenous colitis.There are numerous drugs that can be used to lessen or eliminate symptoms. The majority of research indicates that the first line of treatment for collagenous colitis should  Read More

  • Microvillus inclusion disease

    Microvillus inclusion disease is a genetic characteristic that is carried as an autosomal recessive trait. This implies that the disorder is transmitted by a gene on a chromosome that does not have a role in defining a person's gender.Both males and females can be infected, though it appears to affect females more frequently.Because this gene is recessive, both parents have it to pass the condition on  Read More

  • Milk intolerance

    Lactose intolerance refers to the failure to digest lactose, a sugar found largely in milk and milk products. It is caused by a lack of lactase in the body, an enzyme generated by the small intestine that is required for lactose digestion. Although lactose intolerance is not hazardous, the symptoms might be uncomfortable.There are numerous symptoms of lactose intolerance. The severity of yours is determined by how  Read More

  • Mucopolysaccharidoses

    Treating the underlying illness may restore the body's capacity to digest lactose in persons with lactose intolerance, albeit this process might take months. A low-lactose diet may help you prevent the unpleasantness of milk intolerance for other reasons.To reduce the quantity of lactose in your diet, do the following:Limit your intake of dairy foods.Include tiny amounts of milk products in  Read More

  • Multiple sulfatase deficiency (doc 13)

    Pathogenic mutations in the SUMF1 gene produce the autosomal recessive condition known as multiple sulfatase deficiency. The brain, skin, and skeleton are primarily affected by multiple sulfatase deficiency. Multiple sulfatase insufficiency has three types: neonatal, late-infantile, and juvenile due to the considerable variation in its indications and symptoms.Risk factors for Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency  Read More

  • Nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia congenit...

    Red blood cell premature damage is the primary characteristic of a condition known as Nonspherocytic congenital hemolytic anemia.The body's red blood cells carry oxygen around. Thus, congenital hemolytic anemia is the result of red blood cells being destroyed too early.Nonspherocytic denotes that the red blood cells are not spherical like typical red blood cells.These characteristics are prese  Read More

  • Norovirus infection

    There's no specific treatment for norovirus infection. Recovery generally depends on the health of your immune system. In most people, the illness usually resolves within a few days.  Read More

  • Pancreatic cysts

    Fluid-filled sac-like pockets on or in your pancreas are known as pancreatic cysts. A sizable organ located beyond the stomach called the pancreas makes hormones and enzymes that aid in food digestion.Typically, pancreatic cysts are discovered during imaging tests for another issue. There are several factors that decide how you deal with a pancreatic cyst, such as the size of the cyst, the type and characteristics,  Read More

  • Peptic ulcer disease

    What is a peptic ulcer? A peptic ulcer is a break in the inner lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. A peptic ulcer of the stomach is called a gastric ulcer; of the duodenum, a duodenal ulcer; and of the esophagus, an esophageal ulcer. Peptic ulcers occur when the lining of these organs is corroded by the acidic digestive (peptic) juices which are secreted by the cells of the stomach. A peptic ulcer differs from an erosion bec  Read More

  • Peritonitis

    Peritonitis is an infection within the peritoneum (a supportive membrane lining that surrounds and protects the internal abdominal organs). The condition is of 3 types: spontaneous, secondary, and tertiary.Antibiotics: An one-week antibiotic treatment can kill pathogenic bacteria, eliminating acute infection and reducing future complications.Commonly used antibiotics include carbapenems (beta-lactamase−resistant beta  Read More

  • Phytanic acid storage disease

    Phytantic acid storage disease is a rare genetic disorder. It is also known as Adult Refsum Disease (ARD) and results in numbness or weakening in the hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy).Risk factors-This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations.The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition e  Read More

  • Pinworms

    Pinworms infection, also known as enterobiasis or oxyuriasis, is a highly contagious infection of the colon and rectum that causes itching in and around the anal region, causing restlessness and discomfort. It is typically caused by ingesting or inhaling pinworm eggs, which later hatch and mature in the intestine. It affects people of all ages and backgrounds.The following are both home and professional remedies fo  Read More

  • Pyroglutamicaciduria

    Pyroglutamicaciduria (PGA) is a rare metabolic disorder that causes high levels of PGA in the blood.Pyroglutamic acid (PA) is an intermediate product of glutamine metabolism.Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid that is abundant in the body and is involved in many metabolic processes.PA is formed from glutamine via transamination reactions involving glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).PA is e  Read More

  • Reflux laryngitis

    An unbearably strong burning sensation in the throat, vocal cords (larynx), and food pipe of a body due to the upward movement of stomach acid are Reflux Laryngitis.Stomach acids are produced to digest the food we intake, but those acids move upwards, they create irritation and swelling on the lining of the food pipe.Risk factors include:The main cause of Acid reflux is either eating a lot o  Read More

  • Salmonella typhi infection

    Possible signs and symptoms of salmonella infection include: Diarrhea Stomach (abdominal) cramps Fever Nausea Vomiting Chills Headache Blood in the stool Signs and symptoms of salmonella infection generally last a few days to a week. Diarrhea may last up to 10 days, but it may take several months before bowels return to usual stool habits.  Read More

  • Scad deficiency, congenital (generalized...

    SCAD deficiency is the deficiency of the enzyme short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the body. It is a condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats into energy.Symptoms of SCAD deficiency.Infants and small children suffer from failure to thrive because of the SCAD deficiency.It may also affect their development, feeding and normal physiological work.Infants also suffe  Read More

  • Schatzki ring (schatzki's ring)

    Schatzki ring is a product of the body's response mechanism to repeated exposure to acid that occurs during gastroesophageal acid reflux and a way to prevent the development of Barret's esophagus. It appears as a thin membranous structure, containing an upper layer comprising squamous epithelial cells and a lower layer comprising columnar epithelial cells.Schatzki ring is always associated with dyspnoea and  Read More

  • Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, congenita...

    Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, congenital, is a genetic disorder that results in a person’s disability in digesting various kinds of sugar such as maltose and sucrose.Maltose is found in grains and sucrose is found in fruits, often known as table sugar. Moreover, during digestion, maltose break down into two glucose molecules, and sucrose metabolizes into glucose and fructose.SI gene mutation results  Read More

  • Travelers' diarrhea

    The most common signs and symptoms of traveler's diarrhea are: Abrupt onset of passage of three or more looser watery stools a day An urgent need to defecate Abdominal cramps Nausea Vomiting Fever Sometimes, people experience moderate to severe dehydration, persistent vomiting, a high fever, bloody stools, or severe pain in the abdomen or rectum. If you or your ch  Read More

  • Trichinosis (trichinellosis)

    After you eat roundworm (trichinella) larvae, they grow into adult worms in your small intestine. The adults then produce larvae that move through the bloodstream to muscle tissues, shown here. Signs and symptoms of trichinosis infection and how severe the infection is can vary. This depends on the number of larvae eaten in the infected meat. Possibly no signs or symptoms Mild cases of trichinosis — those with onl  Read More

  • Tropical sprue

    Tropical sprue is a disorder that affects persons who spend long periods of time in tropical settings. It reduces nutrition absorption from the intestines. TS is a condition marked by chronic or acute diarrhea, weight loss, and nutritional malabsorption. Injury to the intestinal wall causes this condition. It is caused by an overabundance of certain kinds of bacteria in the intestines.The following are risk factors  Read More

  • Typhoid

    What is typhoid fever? What is the history of typhoid fever? Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever that is most often caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually leads to a less severe illness. The bacteria are deposited through fecal contamination in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area. Typhoid fe  Read More

  • Ulcer

    Typically, drugs are used to treat mild-to-moderate ulcers.Antibiotics Antibiotics can treat an ulcer caused by the H. pylori bacteria. Typically, the doctor may prescribe triple or quadruple therapy, which includes numerous antibiotics as well as heartburn medication. Triple therapy includes the use of two antibiotics, such as amoxicillin and clarithromycin, as well as a proton pump i  Read More

  • Ulcerative colitis

    Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation of the large intestine (colon). The colon is the part of the digestive system where water is removed from undigested material, and the remaining waste material is stored. The rectum is the end of the colon adjacent to the anus. In patients with ulcerative colitis, ulcers and inflammation of the inner lining of the colon lead to symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. Ulcer  Read More

  • Urethral stricture

    What is the urethra? The urethra is the opening that allows urine to leave the bladder. In men, the urethra is a thin tube-like structure that starts from the lower opening of the bladder and traverses the entire length of the penis. In women, it is a shorter opening coming off the lower opening of bladder and is between 2.5 to 4 centimeters (cm) in length. The urethra has a sphincter that is normally closed to keep urine insid  Read More

  • Valinemia

    Valinemia is a rare metabolic disease marked by unusually elevated amounts of the amino acid valine in the urine and blood.Infants with valinemia are said to have a poor appetite, puking, and fail to thrive. In rare situations, the condition is potentially fatal.There have also been reports of low muscular tone (hypotonia), excessive sleepiness, hyperactivity, and developmental delay.Valinemia is  Read More

  • Vlcad

    Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is a disorder in which the body is unable to convert specific fats to energy, particularly when fasting (fasting).Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), tiredness (lethargy), and muscle weakness are major symptoms of VLCAD deficiency in infancy and early childhood.Individuals who are affected are also at risk of major consequences, including liver problems  Read More

  • Von frey's syndrome

    Von Frey’s syndrome is a kind of syndrome characterized by sweating while eating (gustatory sweating) and facial flushing. The condition occurs due to the nerve injury known as the auriculotemporal nerve, followed by surgical trauma to the parotid gland.The parotid glands are the largest salivary gland in the body, located below the ears on either side of the face. When the nerve heals, it will get reattached  Read More

  • Von gierke disease

    These are symptoms of von Gierke disease: Constant hunger and need to eat often Easy bruising and nosebleeds Fatigue Irritability Puffy cheeks, thin chest and limbs, and swollen belly  Read More

  • Waldmann disease

    Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL) is a rare digestive disorder characterized by abnormally enlarged (dilatated) lymph vessels supplying the lining of the small intestine. The main symptoms are swelling of the limbs and abdominal discomfort. The disorder is usually diagnosed before three years of age but is sometimes diagnosed later in life.  Read More

  • Whipple disease

    Digestive signs and symptoms are common in Whipple disease and may include: Diarrhea Stomach cramping and pain, which may worsen after meals Weight loss, associated with the malabsorption of nutrients Other frequent signs and symptoms associated with Whipple disease include: Inflamed joints, particularly the ankles, knees and wrists Fatigue Weakness  Read More

  • Zinc deficiency, congenital

    Congenital zinc deficiency is an inborn error mechanism in thezinc availability in the body. Although dietary variables are frequently the cause of zinc deficiency, various genetic abnormalities of zinc insufficiency have been reported. The most frequently reported inherited human ailment is acrodermatitis enteropathica. In several of the few cases that have been reported, this disorder is associated with mutations in the hZIP4 gene, a member o  Read More